This seemingly simple topic is, in actuality, very complex. The workshop begins with an overview of fact, conceptual and procedural fluency, and why it’s important. Next, participants will explore systemic fact instruction as it relates to addition. This section of the workshop begins by discussing subitizing and why it’s the first step in developing foundational numeration skills. Throughout this topic, participants will learn specific approaches to becoming fluent in addition, as they experience activities and lessons that they can take back to the classroom. The next topic is the systematic teaching of subtraction. These approaches include count back, just one less, count up, related facts, subtraction neighbors, and finding doubles. By the conclusion of the workshop, participants will have a strong understanding of the how and why of mathematics fluency, and will have received all of the tools necessary to teach the topic.